In medieval world, those who could read or write with a few, and is likely but most of them did not me or write with our methods or with their facility. And regain some idea of the difficulties under which they later, business and reconsider what mental processes are involved in the understanding spoken or written speech. Psychologists are by no means agree upon the subject, but most of them would probably set the following account of its implications.
When the difference, "the Net Book," word "go" is recognized as a familiar echolocation salads; in psychological language, we gain and "image," which experience enables us to identify his experience not only includes the recognition of a particular sound but also takes into account pitch, and this this, and intonation; individual word, " spoken in isolation, with both an image, would contain information stimulating and action, unless such information were provided by Jeff scared for emphasis or intonation. In some languages of the isolated war has different meanings, according to the "tone" used by the all languages are, to some extent Cox "coma" languages; the simple phrase, "good Morning," Amy, according to the merits of Reims, "I'm delighted seen," Ward, "Chris then unfurled for any and concur"; in Maine, "thank goodness, he's going," or "come again when you can."
Experience, therefore, it takes into account other matters than the sounds that compose an individual word; but, for the purpose of this analysis, the confine our attention to the word as such. The acoustic image in the translated into the visual image of a book, and, if the cure is the nearest, this is probably the end of the process. The figure can read, he moves substitute for the visually image of a book printed word "cult," adding in the case may have felt tendency to articulate the word, of feeling known to psychology as a "kinesthetic" or "speech Motor" image.
When, therefore, I shall his learned to read, his task is to construct from principals in acoustic imaging he can recognize. When recognition is to be cheap, he pronounces the word, but only for the satisfaction of his teacher, but also because he cannot himself _ and the principles without transforming them into words; he could read only allowed. 23 fastidiously, pronunciation becomes rapid moderate, and eventually ceases entirely. When the stage is in reach, the Chavis substituted a visual for an acoustic image, and so long as he continues to be dependent upon printed matter, as most of us are, this condition is never likely to change.
When Mimi, the visual image of the credit were former instantaneously become sick is the image; in aesthetic image is a company it, and, if we're not reading aloud, the combination of the two produces "clear speech," which, in the case of most people, includes both English-speaking and interfering. Immediate interest annunciation falls below that threshold of consciousness in the case of those screaming occupied it can in matter; but it will rise to the surface, if the individual begins to read a foreign language in the script with which he is not entirely familiar or to learn by heart difficult passage that must be Orly reproduce pervasive. It said some doctors forbid patients with severe throat afflictions to read, the silent reading provokes motions of the vocal organs, the reader may not be conscious of them. So also on Speaker Wright, ideas evokes acoustic combined with kinesthetic images, which Iraq was transformed into visual word images. The speaker or writer can now hardly conceive of language, accepted printed or written forms; the reflex actions by which the process of reading or writing is performed have become so "instinctive" underperform such fat sow with a big change from the auditorium to the visual is concealed from a reader or writer and makes analysis of it on a matter of great difficulty. In A.D. The acoustic and kinesthetic images are inseparable and it "image" as such is an abstraction made for purposes of analysis, but which is nonexistent considered in itself and as purer. But wherever account the individual may render his own mental processes, and most of us are far from confident in this respect, the fact remains that is ideal language is irrevocably modified by his experience of printed matter.
The result is that we cannot think of language without reference to its written or printed form, and may prefer the printed to the written word, because trade is clear to them; it really is the strain upon the memory and is time to deliberate consideration. Issuer to whom a letter has been read last to see the script, Fla. maturities Mr. Delacorte; you'll take notes of a lecture, lest he should forget matters of interest; Bill Gleason is complete without a pencil to a lake and a notebook wearing to scrawl. Initialization even be an aid to memory; those of us have a clear image, even in advanced age, of certain ages heifers' Latin grammar are first repetition books, and education of writers have begun to realize that Bill "on May and out" of the page is almost as important to the letter as the matter that it contains. Is the visual practice to master the vagaries of English orthography, and so-called bad spellers are often those were misled by inability to exclude auditory reminiscences; Amy seem, when in doubt, to write down the word of scribbling paper, "to C outlooks," to recover, that he is, a visual memory that has become blurred. Hearing and sight, once disconnected, have become inseparable; when we hear Speaker, the effect of his words is transmitted from the auditory to be allies in capacity, NBC, or can see, the words "in our mind's eye," whether we wish to take notes or not. And when we read to ourselves, the visual impression is accompanied by an auditory perception; we hear, or can hear, the sentences that we read, and when recompose, we write to the dictation of that inner voice.
Some insight, speech and prayed, I and Fourier have nothing in common. These human brain is done nothing that compares and complexity with this fusion of ideas involved in lending up the two forms of language. But the result of the fusion is Bill once it is achieved in our early years, we are forever after unable to think clearly, independently and Shirley about any one aspect of the matter. We cannot think of sounds without thinking of letters; we leave letters have sounds. We think that the printed page is a picture of what we say, and that the mysterious thing called "spelling" is sacred. . . The invention of printing broadcast the pretty language and gave to print a degree of authority that it is never lost. One
Children can learn language is more easily than adults, because they can concentrate wholly upon audition and not hampered by having its of visualization; just for that reason, they forget almost as rapidly as they live, unless they're in continual contact with the line was concerned. For the adult returns the infantile stage a simple auditory perception is the task of extraordinary difficulty for those who are obliged to face it, as, for instance, the missionary who proposes to reduce some of the Fed would fit right. In his first learned as spoken time and Chile is still fully master of it as be able to decompose the words he is heard in the other components sounds and find a symbol to represent the sound, and fact, to form an alphabet. But in this task, indeed continually hampered by the fact he's been accustomed to regard language as visualized in the garb of written orthography.
But when the ordinary well-educated man is a learning and Live and here's an unfamiliar word, supposing in to of reached speeds inability to separate the words of a new language, he is in stinted inquiry is how is it spelled? How does it look in writing? From what is it derived, or with what unknown words is it, the day? In this help, begin associate the new acquisition with his previous experience as a chance of making a permanent addition to his vocabulary. But, a fiesta of an accommodation on, in Lucerne and forget the new word, unless circumstances oblige him to make use it for its wit and frequently. Such is the consequence of association with print; we Freres and auditory memory has been drowned and visual memory as to encourage and strengthen.
Thought, in the full sense of the term, is hardly possible without words. The idea is to rise above the threshold of consciousness, there formulated by the mine in words; accustomed as we are to import and receive information by means of language, inevitably follow the same method when we're talking by financial considerations; we discuss the matter with ourselves as we might discuss it with an interlocutor, and such discussion cannot be conducted without the support. Hence, and ideas can be formulated in words, they can hardly be regarded as fully conceived. Hear, an objection is raised: unless the thinker possesses words, he cannot pay; but, unless he is thought, he cannot possess wars; Hal, then, was a process begun? The ideas precede language, or is capacity for speech in the and we in only the stimulus of ideas provoke by extracts that, in order to break into action? In other words, did and where the egg, first? This question is interested those concerned with the origins of language, but it does not affect the reality of inner speech is the method of inner thought. This reality is in mid from the days of Homer to our own time. Odysseus, alone upon his raft and confronted by the rising storm, "in trouble speak to his own great soul" for some 20 hexameter line; and a public house order, describing his domestic troubles, will say, "then I says to myself, this year as doctors stopped," and will conclude his catastrophic narrative, "so I says to myself, I must have a pint and comes from the air." it's the thing is a lyric, images that arise in his mind will be auditory; if it is literate, they will be visual; in either case, immediate local expression can be given to them, if necessary.
As has been said, this vocal expression is necessary to children who are learning to read or too inexperienced adults; they cannot understand the written or printed symbols without transforming them into audible sounds. Styli meeting comes a practice, and practices may perfect, we do not realize the extent to which the human eye has adapted itself to meet our requirements. If we get a line of printed matter, cut lengthwise in half, said the offer after the lettering is exactly divided from the lower half, and then in the 6th to France, we shall probably find that the man with the upper half will rely more easily than a man of the lower half. The eye and the practice reader does not take the whole of flattery, but merely so much as was suggested remainder to his experience in intelligence. Similarly, if we listen to a speaker with a difficult delivery, we instinctively supply syllables and even wears the wheat belt here. It is the I halted each separate word. Only read the wrong language, the hall that a point in the line, but this a few letters on either side of it, and proceed to another halting point; the guys not seen the whole formation of every word, but is seen enough to win for the meaning of this passage. Hence the difficulty proofreading; our usual method of reading glasses to Passover misprints, because we see enough of any one word to take its practice for granted. The number VTOL devices will vary with the nature of the matter to the red; and foreign language to be more numerous than when we're concerned with are unfamiliar Tom, and we're reading the manuscript in a crack head with many contractions, we shall be forced to proceed on must letter by letter.
Very different was the case of the medieval reader. Of the few who could read, you were habitual readers; in any case the ordinary Member on times, she's more print and read matter in a week in a medieval scholar Sani year. Nothing is more alien to medievalism the modern reader, skinhead lives of the newspaper and glancing down its constantly the Queen of interest, racing to the pages of some dissertation to discover whether it's worth is more careful consideration, and pausing to gather the argument of a page in a few swift glasses. It was anything more elite moderne a deep in the capacious medieval memory, which, on trammeled by the associations of print, could learn a strange guy with the piece about the methods of a child, and could retain the memory and reproduce like the epic palaver clear:. Two points, therefore, must be emphasized. The Eagle year with few exceptions could not read is leading; it is in the stage in our modern south of Leonard; each word was for him a separate entity and at times a problem, which she whispered to himself when he found the solution; this fact is a matter of interest to those who edit the writings that he reproduce.2 Further, as readers were few and here's a humorous, literature in its early days was produced very largely for public presentations; hands-on in this rhetorical rather than literary and character, and rules of rhetoric, and composition.
Even a superficial Queens with medieval literature will show that its expenses continued to cast a public presentation, and in classical times. The complaint of juveniles opening satire Manuela been repeated in medieval times. Authors read their works in public, and this was the only way in which they could publish them; crawled this Tambrands since read his Topol raffia fiber Nyack before a public meeting Oxford for three days in succession to different audiences. Private readings to circle of friends or, if any set performances and natural increase to as many scripts were multiplied education spread. It is a public perhaps more in court to hear stories to gather information supported the numerous professional storytellers, the minstrels and John learns much about the countries and more is necessary in medieval society as well as their counterparts in their civilization. They performed the business of providing amusement, which is been taken over by the radio and the cinema at the present time.
We gain a majority of our information and ideas for printed matter, whereas the medieval obtain an orderly. Lewis confronted not ideal for productions of the University Press by many scared off and crashed in St. and full contractions, and his instinctive question, would deciphering the text, was not whether he did seem, but whether he heard, is said that word before; he brought out of visual and auditory memory to this task. Such was the result of his upbringing; he learned to relax on the memory of spoken sounds hot out upon the interpretation of written signs. And when he deciphered word he pronounced it audibly.3
If the evidence this habit of mind in action scenes sketchy, it must be remembered that early testimony is constantly silence upon subjects concerning which we should like to have information, simply because these matters were so universally, and has passed without comment. As evidence on within the medieval times in the quoted the rule of St. Benedict, a chap. X L V I I I., which ordered the moms "post Saxton (Forum) said in case of men said, clause and the like this to walk, on the celebrity of, of 48 cleaned for Blue Ridge letter A, 76 lead but volume on the and we acted," which suggests that the common manner treating oneself meant whispering or modern. Bernard Tan is pervasive and freed some of shawm fall: "oftentimes, when angry street from the book and thought only, as I am wont, de [Devils] between read aloud by wert, that they may deprive me so much more of the inward in understanding thereof, and that I made the last penetrate into the interior force of three, the more I've for myself out in exteriors speech." this is the case the man who is trying to accustom himself to silent reading and is not yet formed the habit.
When the eye and a modern copyist least a manuscript before and in order to write, he carries in his mind a visual reminiscence of what is seen. With the medieval scrap carried was an auditory memory and, probably in many cases, the memory of one word at time.
H J J garde, 1950
One. A. Lead James, are spoken language, London, Thomas Nelson and sounds, 1938, p. 29.
Two. Under the rule of St. Benedict, each month was to receive a book from the library: "Fox sit beyond on this single Los codices the bills that, close par or in an X in Tigre light of; Cui codices in caput quandary gas a day gain be sent" (Riegle of, cap, X L V I I I). No limit of time was set in the books of. And returned at the beginning of the 16th Light. A year for one book seems a generous allowance; that the slowness of the medieval reader is obvious from this instance.
Three. The process is best described by copyist of the 8th century of concluding his work: "please credit basket nom printout as a low boredom. Trice DDT screen bond, to occupy be dead. All non loquitur, totem Corp. this matter ought, at on this lot more, often and how that, and pinetum ages not have it phenom" (what the box, shrift was in the theme Ms. Alter, a leading, 1896, p. 495). Three fingers told Japan, the I see the words, the time passes them as they're written, and the bodies crammed with meetings over a desk. This drive is obviously unable to avoid the necessity of passing each word as he deciphers it.